HAITI & VENEZUELA--COUP & EMPIRE (1)

Publié par Elsie HAAS sur 11 Mars 2007, 20:18pm

Catégories : #2007 Peuple sans mémoire - peuple sans âme

[ Error Correction - The following story contains the statement: "What is not so well remembered is that John Negroponte was the US Ambassador to the UN in 1972." The US Ambassador to the UN in 1972 was George HW Bush. Negroponte was a member of the Career Foreign Service, working with Henry Kissinger. - Our apologies, FTW ]

HAITI & VENEZUELA--COUP & EMPIRE

(Part I)

by
Stan Goff

[In this two-part analysis, Stan Goff exposes the underlying forces driving the current crisis in Haiti. The recent coup d'Etat is only the latest in two centuries of violent transfers of power in that country ? but today the regional balance of forces is refreshingly new. Venezuelan President Hugo Chavez has foiled a series of desperate CIA attempts to gain control of that oil-producing nation. While the Bush administration arrogantly plays the same the old game in the same old way, using the same old felons and convicted murderers, new rules are being written by an awakening transnational solidarity in the hemisphere. Markets, privatization of natural resources, drug routes, cheap labor ? all are at stake in the US elite's scramble for Haiti. But Goff shows how an even more important motivation is stinging the Bush junta into frenzied action: when white supremacy is symbolically wounded, others have to bleed.

Haiti was founded in 1804 after a roundly successful slave revolution. Aristide is Haiti's first democratically elected President. Just before his kidnapping at gunpoint, he had moved to double the Haitian minimum wage. And the prospect of a dignified, self-governing Haiti free from the depredations of U.S. economic warfare and CIA intervention is intolerable to the heroes of American exceptionalism. Neoconservative ideologues, Jesse Helms-style Southern racists, Miami exilios and organized crime players, intelligence men embarrassed by even a whisper of successful populism ? these are the planners of the coup and the cover-up. Many learned their trade in the Iran-Contra period, or have mentors who did; the pattern hasn't changed. Just as Nicaraguan self-determination seemed to threatened the whole universe during the Reagan administration, from the perspective of Washington and Langley a strong Haiti ? under an electorally legitimate Black president with a mandate and regional allies ? would surely bring the Earth crashing into the Sun. ? FTW]

Stan Goff, Master Sergeant, U.S. Army Special Forces (Retired) is author of Hideous Dream: A Soldier's Memoir of the U.S. Invasion of Haiti (Soft Skull Press, 2000), and Full Spectrum Disorder: The Military in the New American Century Soft Skull Press, (February 9, 2004).

_____

Gonaives Adventure

March 23, 2004 1800 PST (FTW) -- In 1994, when my last Special Forces team, Operational Detachment Alpha 354, entered the Haitian city of Gonaives, I along with three members of that detachment waded through a huge and agitated crowd to encounter four soldiers and two plainclothes death squad members about to fire into that crowd with M-1 Garands. They were surprised to see us, and we took advantage of that surprise to compel them to lay their weapons down and submit to arrest. One of the plainclothes gents hesitated to relinquish his weapon, and I came very near shooting him. I'm only being honest ? knowing this will put some people off ? when I say that I now wish I had gone ahead and pulled the trigger. Instead, I protected him from a very angry crowd, one member of which lambasted him across the head with a heavy stick when he finally laid his weapon down, obliging my own team's medics to suture his gaping scalp laceration.

The whole tale is in Hideous Dream ? A Soldier's Memoir of the US Invasion of Haiti (Soft Skull Press, 2000). http://www.softskull.com/detailedbook.php?isbn=1-887128-63-8

The man in question, Jean Pierre Baptiste, goes by the alias Jean Tatoune. Only six months before, he had participated in a massacre in the nearby slum called Raboteau. One participant in that massacre, Carl Dorélien, was given refuge in the United States, where he ? somehow ? won the Florida lottery in 1997. [1] Last year Jean Tatoune was busted out of jail, and now he is acting as the paramilitary chief of Gonaives as part of the latest successful, US-sponsored coup d'Etat in Haiti. [2] The leader of the massacre at Raboteau was the Gonaives Haitian Armed Forces (FAdH) commander, Captain Senafis Castra, with whom we were ordered to cooperate by the Task Force commanders during the 1994 invasion. My team's arrest of Jean Tatoune was a deviation from the script.

Many people continue to believe that the US supported Aristide's return to the Haitian presidency in 1994 because the Clinton administration supported democracy. Nothing could be further from the truth. The intelligence summaries we received during his reinstallation were violently anti-Aristide, and the policies pursued from Day One were designed to ensure Aristide's neutralization as the leader of Haiti. He spent three years in talks with the United States trying to gain support for his return, and during that time the United States placed increasing pressure on him ? especially by allowing the body count of the Cedras-Francois coup government to increase at the expense of Aristide activists from the Lavalas movement he founded. It is unlikely that the G.H.W. Bush administration would have ever put Aristide back into office.

The Iran-Contra-Cocaine-Gusano Connection Redux

This became part of the backdrop of the 1992 US presidential election, leading to the 1994 US military invasion that brought Aristide back after the first US-supported coup against him. A nd the question of Haiti has been intimately connected to US partisan and race politics ever since. This partisanship and race politics has involved both American political parties, a cast of nefarious Iran-Contra characters, and the Central Intelligence Agency. The administration's international factotum for the latest coup is Roger Noriega, and he's a good starting point for any deconstruction of race, empire, and Haiti.

Roger Noriega is the Assistant Secretary of State for Western Hemisphere Affairs. Before that, he was the United States Ambassador to the Organization of American States (OAS).[3] But his career got its running start when he became an aide in the Bureau for Inter-American Affairs of the US State Department. Like the Office of Public Diplomacy for Latin America, this was an instrument of the Reagan administration's campaign to destroy the Sandinista government of Nicaragua. Dubbed ?Iran-Contra? by the press, that campaign was being run by a coterie of felons including Elliot Abrams, John Negroponte, John Poindexter, and Otto Reich. [4] The Vice President during this episode was George Herbert Walker Bush, former Director of Central Intelligence. [5]

Reagan's Office of Public Diplomacy was run by Otto Reich, who zealously planted scads of bogus stories in the press ? for instance, that MiGs were being shipped to Nicaragua, that Sandinistas were persecuting Miskito Indians ? all untrue, but never recanted by the US press. [6] Dubya tried installing Otto Reich as Assistant Secretary of State for Western Hemisphere Affairs during a legislative recess, but the returning Senate refused to renew Reich's appointment. [7] In August 2001, the job went to Mr. Noriega; but like so many of the Iran-Contra werewolves, Reich is back in the government. He's now reporting directly to Condoleezza Rice from a special post (apparently created just for him) called ?Special Envoy for Western Hemisphere Initiatives.? He's the kind of person they have to keep moving around: toward the middle of the second Reagan administration when the huge cocaine element of Iran-Contra broke into view, Reich's deep involvement with CIA assassin Felix Rodriguez and terrorist Luis Posada Carriles became too obvious for the administration's comfort, and off he went. From 1986 to 1989 Reich was US Ambassador to Venezuela, where he tried very hard to secure the release of the Miami-mafia airline bomber Orlando Bosch. That downing of a civilian passenger airline from Cuba was an act of terrorism in which Posada Carriles had also been implicated. [8]

That's all been forgotten somehow, and Otto is back on the government payroll. His first task for Bush II, which he performed with admirable enthusiasm and success, was another disinformation campaign against the democratically elected Venezuelan government of Hugo Chavez.[9]

One of the high-level players in Iran-Contra was John Poindexter, a retired Navy admiral who specialized in illegal covert operations and spying on American citizens. With Oliver North, he engineered and oversaw the massive plot by the Reagan administration to sell weapons to Iran (despite the public show of bitter hostility between the US and Khomeini's Iran), ship huge quantities of cocaine into the United States via Central America, and use the cash to buy illegal weapons and materiel for Nicaraguan terrorists. Congress had cut off the funding for aid to the right-wing ?Contras,? so Poindexter, North and the others simply moved their operation outside the government by funding it with cocaine.

Eventually convicted of several felonies, the good Admiral Poindexter managed to get them all thrown out in an immunity deal. He got caught trying to destroy over 5,000 White House emails, and was also the originator of yet another disinformation campaign, this one directed at Libya's Col. Muammar Qaddafi.[10] For his sins, John Poindexter ? now the Vice President of Syntek Technologies, a surveillance technology outfit with juicy federal contracts ? was appointed by Bush II to head up the sinister Information Awareness Office (IAO), a subset of the Department of Defense's Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA, a favorite of Donald Rumsfeld). IAO's main task is to vastly expand the Pentagon's capacity to spy on American citizens. But from the moment Poindexter's appointment went public, the internet began to hum with popular outrage about the IAO's domestic spying program and Poindexter was canned.

John Negroponte is now the United States' Ambassador to the UN. He's another Cocaine-Contra figure with a great resume for disinformation. In 1981, USA mbassador to Honduras, Jack Binns, made the error of reporting that the Honduran military was engaged in death-squad activity. This did not sit well with the Reagan administration, who never met a right-wing Latin American killer they didn't like. Binns was fired and his job went to Negroponte. Between 1981-1985, during Negroponte's diplomatic tenure, there was a direct correlation between the level of military violence ? especially that of the specially US-trained ?intelligence? unit called Battalion 3-16 ? and the level of military assistance provided to Honduras by the US taxpayer: an increase from $4 million to $77.4 million. This was when Honduras was being used as a launch platform for the Nicaraguan Contras, as I can attest: when I was in Ojo de Agua, Honduras, in 1991, the locals informed us that the same base at which we were working was used by the Contras.[11]

When the Senate later questioned Negroponte in the course of the Iran-Contra investigation, Negroponte said he had no knowledge of Battalion 3-16 or its activities, indicating that he was either dead drunk for four years or not actually staying in Honduras where he was the ambassador(or, of course, that he was lying through his teeth).

Through this whole sordid period of death squads, the murders of nuns and Catholic clerics, arms-and-cocaine swaps, and felony-as-executive-branch-policy, the regional boss was Elliot Abrams, described by friend and foe alike as a snarling macho asshole. Convicted for his role in Iran-Contra as Reagan's Assistant Secretary of State for Latin American Affairs, Abrams was soon pardoned by George H. W. Bush. And in what must be a sick joke, Bush the Younger named Abrams Senior Director of the National Security Council's ?Office for Democracy, Human Rights and International Operations.?

Last December, Peter Kornbluh of the National Archives told a Newsday reporter:"The resurfacing of the Iran-Contra culprits has been nothing short of Orwellian in this administration. These are not 21st-century appointments. They are retrograde appointments, a throwback to an era of interventionism when the U.S. was the big bully on the block." There is much speculation that these appointments ? most intimates of the Miami-Cuban right-wing and mafia ? are a form of reciprocation for gusano assistance with the Florida-based judicial coup that put George W. Bush into the Oval Office.

While Roger Noriega has been coordinating the details of President Aristide's forcible removal from office, Otto Reich has run the disinformation campaign in the Organization of American States(OAS).[12]

Another institution for building coups developed during the Reagan administration. The CIA's covert operators had proven perfectly capable of engineering the development of paramilitaries and death squads, but they had proven unequal to the task of developing political opposition to seated governments. So the National Endowment for Democracy was established. From Third World Traveler:

The NED was set up in the early 1980s under President Reagan in the wake of all the negative revelations about the CIA in the second half of the 1970s. The latter was a remarkable period; spurred by Watergate-the Church committee of the Senate, the Pike committee of the House, and the Rockefeller Commission, created by the president, were all busy investigating the CIA.

Seemingly every other day there was a new headline about the discovery of some awful thing, even criminal conduct, the CIA had been mixed up in for years. The Agency was getting an exceedingly bad name, and it was causing the powers-that-be much embarrassment. Something had to be done. What was done was not to stop doing these awful things. Of course not.

What was done was to shift many of these awful things to a new organization, with a nice sounding name-The National Endowment for Democracy.

The idea was that the NED would do somewhat overtly what the CIA had been doing covertly for decades, and thus, hopefully, eliminate the stigma associated with CIA covert activities. It was a masterpiece. Of politics, of public relations, and of cynicism.[13]

The NED has four affiliates in the United States: the Republican Party, the Democratic Party, the US Chamber of Commerce, and the AFL-CIO. The NED counterparts to these three entities are the International Republican Institute, the Democratic Institute for International Affairs, the Center for International Private Enterprise, and the American Center for International Labor Solidarity. There is strong and growing opposition within the AFL-CIO to ACILS, which is a throwback to the bad-old-days of Cold War business-unionism.

The job of the NED is to funnel funds, training, and support to reactionary political groups in other countries in order to ensure political outcomes that are favorable to the US elite. Their most tried and true method has been to build, train, finance, and control political alliances as ?oppositions? to popular governments considered too ?left? for the US.

Allen Weinstein, who helped draft the legislation establishing NED, was quite candid when he said in 1991:"A lot of what we do today was done covertly 25 years ago by the CIA." In effect, the CIA has been laundering money through NED. (Ibid.)

The National Endowment for Democracy was invented by the Reagan administration as a specialized outgrowth of the CIA's covert operations apparatus. In emulation of the CIA's now-famous string of murderous successes from Guatemala to Chile, Indonesia to Iran, NED's mission is to engineer ?desirable? political/electoral outcomes in other countries.

The Helms School

US policy right now is in the hands of the ideologues. You cannot overestimate the relevance of these people in shaping US policy. In a sense the Helms school of Haitian strategy is at work here.

- Larry Birns, director of the Council on Hemispheric Affairs

Roger Noriega's public antipathy for Aristide began while Aristide was in office the first time, when Noriega was working as a senior advisor to the OAS. This public opposition to Aristide ? and Noriega's connections with Miami's organized crime reactionaries ? led to an appointment to the staff of the arch-racist Senator from my very own North Carolina, Jesse Helms.[14]

Helms was a personal friend to and open supporter of Salvadoran death-squad commandante Roberto D' Aubuisson, believed to have planned the assassination of Archbishop Oscar Romero, one of the many outrages that occurred in Latin America on the Reagan watch.[15]

Active opposition to Aristide by Helms and Roger Noriega began at the very moment of Aristide's surprise election victory in 1990, when he overwhelmingly defeated the US-backed Haitian presidential candidate, Marc Bazin, a World Bank executive. This election made Aristide the first democratically elected president of in Haitian history.[16]

Helms' antipathy to Aristide is double-edged: Helms regards any form of independence, any populism, any policy that makes inroads against the power of the rich, to be ?communist.? Helms frequently referred to Aristide as a ?Haitian Castro.? And Jesse Helms just plain doesn't like Black people. Foreign, Black, Catholic, and populist ? the only thing missing for the pure embodiment of evil according to Helms would be if Aristide were gay; Helms is also a notorious homophobe.[17] In the South, where political hegemony has been exercised ever since the Nixon presidency, there is a long standing belief that unions, race-mixing, and communism are identical, and this remains Helms' view today. One of the Ku Klux Klan's principal appeals forty years ago(when Hoover's FBI was very much at home with the good ole boys) was that they were a bulwark against communism which they opposed because communists promoted racial mongrelization.?[18] Maybe Roger Noriega shares Mr. Helms' special political pathology. But it's more likely that our new Assistant Secretary of State for Western Hemisphere Affairs is driven by his self-perception as a guardian of the empire in Latin America, and shaped by his origins in that particular region of the South that is Miami.

The former U.S. Ambassador to El Salvador, Robert White, was among those fired by Reagan for speaking out on human rights violations. Just days before the present coup d'Etat culminated with the Aristide's removal and detention by the U.S. Marines, White commented: Roger Noriega has been dedicated to ousting Aristide for many, many years, and now he's in a singularly powerful position to accomplish it."

Recalling the Helms-Noriega efforts to prevent Aristide's return to Haiti in 1994, Dr. Heather Williams wrote in Haiti as Target Practice: How the US Press Missed the Story:

As senior staff member for the Committee on Foreign Relations of the U.S. Senate, and advisor to Senator Jesse Helms and John Burton, he [Roger Noriega] was party to a three-year campaign to defame Aristide and prevent his return to power; all the while CIA-backed thugs left carnage in the streets daily in Port Au Prince. In his capacity in the State Department since 2003, and for two years before that as the U.S. Permanent Representative to the OAS, he has aggressively advertised his intention to oust Aristide a second time. For example, in April of last year, speaking at the Council of the Americas conference in Washington, he linked U.S. policies in Haiti to those in Venezuela and Cuba ? He added that"President Chavez and President Aristide have contributed willfully to a polarized and confrontational environment. It is my fervent hope," he added ominously,"that the good people of Cuba are studying [this]."[19]

While there is no doubt that the Reagan administration was a shaker and mover in Latin America and the Caribbean, to really get at the roots of covert operations, coups d'Etat, and the connections to race-politics in the United States, we have to go back just a bit further.

Plan Condor

In 1948, the CIA inaugurated its "Office of Policy Coordination,"(OPC) headed up by Frank Wisner, a Wall Street lawyer (the deep-political connection between Wall Street and the CIA has been the subject of several books, and should be the subject of several more). The OPC's responsibilities included, in its own words,"propaganda, economic warfare, preventive direct action, including sabotage, anti-sabotage, demolition and evacuation procedures; subversion against hostile states, including assistance to underground resistance groups, and support of indigenous anti-communist elements in threatened countries of the free world." [20] In the 1960's one of the targets of these operations was a new Haitian leader named Francois Duvalier. This is a not-well-known fact on the right or the left in the United States, who only seem to remember when Papa Doc(Duvalier's infamous nickname) and the CIA were working together. But if we don't understand this, we cannot understand Haitian- American relations, so I will return to this subject further down.[21]

In the wake of the economic crisis caused by Vietnam, the US colonial playground called Latin America took on a new significance. The story of Secretary of State Henry Kissinger's involvement in the 1973 CIA-supported coup d'etat against democratically elected President Salvador Allende in Chile is well known. What is not so well remembered is that John Negroponte was the US Ambassador to the UN in 1972, as was George Bush the Elder in 1973. Bush took over the CIA in 1975. At that time, DCI Bush launched Plan Condor, designed to wipe out political opposition to US-supported regimes in Latin America. As part of Condor, the green light was given to the then-fascist government of Argentina to slaughter 30,000 political opponents between 1976 and 1983.

Who were some of the shakers and movers for Plan Condor, Orlando Bosch and Luis Posada Carriles, the future gusano bombers of a civilian passenger airliner.

These are some of the bloodiest personnel behind the many right-wing seizures of power in Latin America and the Caribbean. In fact, the Argentinean military helped train Negroponte's unacknowledged Honduran Battalion 3-16. The US was assisted liberally in its training of repressive forces in the region by the Israelis, who seemed weirdly indifferent to the fact that the Argentinean military tortured Jewish prisoners under portraits of Hitler to enhance the intimidation effect. But then the Israelis were staunch supporters of racist South Africa then as well. Israel actually set up a Galil assault rifle factory in Guatemala, and when I was there for the last coup in 1983, the Galil was the most popular weapon in the country. The strong relation between Israel and the modern-day Zionist neocons, whatever their various religious and ethnic identities, be it noted, is not new. The centrality of the Saudis is not new either.

This consortium of forces (Saudis, Israelis, CIA, Contras, and local reactionaries in Latin American and the Caribbean) was laundering money through the phony Bank of Commerce and Credit International(BCCI), which had links too numerous and complex to recount here with the bin Ladens and the Bush family; that money was being used to finance covert operations. BCCI collapsed after revelations about its connections to the Medellin cartel of Colombia brought down the whole house of cards. [22] These would become the key players in the Iran-Contra-Cocaine affair because, as we say among activists, organizing is based on relationships.[23]

There are those critics out there who will, at this juncture, say this is conspiracy theorizing, and that conspiracy theory is somehow the antithesis of class analysis. At the risk of seeming rude, let me say that this is idiotic. It is a false dichotomy. To pretend dominant classes exist as some kind of autonomous abstraction without any personal agency inside a deterministic system ignores that members of any social class are people. To assume that these people do not scheme to protect their class interests ? or that we should not concern ourselves with how those schemes work strikes me as a recipe for inaction.[24]

There is a very good reason why the CIA continually works with drug traffickers. The money is untraceable. They don't take the drugs. My experience is that they work out of embassies and are addicted to embassy fare Scotch and martinis. And they don't sell the drugs. They facilitate and skim. George W. Bush, however, well, never mind.

US Domestic Partisan Politics- The Southern Strategy

Since the late 19 th Century, when Reconstruction was dismantled, the Democratic Party had openly and proudly claimed to be "the Party of White Supremacy," and Republicans still identified with Lincoln, and therefore with Blacks were incapable of getting elected in the South.[25] Kennedy and Johnson were seen as the great betrayers, and the Republican Party sensed an opening.

In 1968, the Nixon campaign fell upon an electoral strategy that would create a tectonic political shift, the ?Southern Strategy.?[26] Southern white racists perceived the end of Jim Crow(the legal system of Southern US apartheid) as a catastrophic threat to their privileged status. Outbreaks of their bitter resentment were called "white backlash" in the press. Barry Goldwater, the reactionary Senator from Arizona who was trounced by Lyndon Johnson in 1964 was rabidly opposed to the Civil Rights Act. In spite of his poor showing nationwide, he showed his greatest strength in the South, as did independent segregationist George Wallace.

The barely coded appeal used by Goldwater, who didn't feel empowered to call as openly as Wallace for a return to legal apartheid, was "states' rights," understood by every white Southerner as the battle cry in defense of slavery and its legacy. Out of Goldwater's wreckage, Nixon built the Republican strategy that has won overwhelming support from Southern white voters since LBJ went back to the ranch. African American political critic Lee Hubbard writes:

"Substantial Negro support is not necessary to national Republican victory," said Kevin Phillips, the mastermind behind Nixon's Southern Strategy, at the time."The GOP can build a winning coalition without Negro Votes. Indeed, Negro-Democratic mutual identification was a major source of Democratic loss, and Republican Party or(George Wallace's) American Independent Party profit, in many sections of the country."

Since then, some Republicans have played to these fears to gather white votes. Their game has ranged from the kickoff of Ronald Reagan's presidential campaign when he declared he"believed in states rights," in Philadelphia, Mississippi -- the site of the deaths of civil rights martyrs Schwerner, Chaney, and Goodman -- to Vice President's Bush's 1988 Willie Horton ad campaign, which basically depicted all blacks as being criminals. Some of the GOP's race-baiting has been, perhaps, unintentional, and at other times it has been blatant, but it has happened, and black people are familiar with this list of racial baggage.[27]

Richard Nixon's campaign effected the decisive transfer of the potent political mantle of white supremacy from the Democratic Party to the Republicans. It is important to understand that foreign policy is not solely determined by foreign priorities, either economic or strategic. It is also significantly influenced by its impact on popular domestic political bases.

A SUIVRE

Endnotes:

[1] http://www.cja.org/cases/dorelien.shtml

[2] http://news.amnesty.org/mav/index/ENGAMR360062004

[3] For Roger Noriega’s official bio page, see: http://www.state.gov/r/pa/ei/biog/4708.htm

[4] For notes on Roger Noriega’s nomination to his current job, see: http://www.scoop.co.nz/mason/stories/HL0305/S00064.htm

[5] http://www.geocities.com/iran_contra_christic_institute

[6] For a rich trove of original documents from Reich’s appalling career in the Reagan years, see: http://www.gwu.edu/~nsarchiv/NSAEBB/NSAEBB40/

[7] Blocking Reich’s nomination wasn’t easy:

http://ist-socrates.berkeley.edu/~border/list_articles/030901_nytimes_bush.html

[8] http://www.informationclearinghouse.info/article3354.htm

[9] http://www.trinicenter.com/world/venez/lessons.shtml

[10] http://www.hereinreality.com/bigbrother.html

[11] http://www.geocities.com/ravencrazy/Negroponte.html

[12] http://www.scoop.co.nz/mason/stories/HL0403/S00047.htm

[13] http://www.thirdworldtraveler.com/CIA/National%20EndowmentDemo.html

[14] http://www.indystar.com/articles/0/125879-8940-P.html

[15] http://www.fair.org/press-releases/helms.html ; http://www.icomm.ca/carecen/page70.html

[16] http://www.globalpolicy.org/security/issues/haiti/2004/0302typical.htm

[17] http://www.washingtonpost.com/ac2/wp-dyn/A10822-2001Aug28?language=printer

[18] http://www.epwijnants-lectures.com/ct_ku_klux_klan.html

[19] http://www.venezuelanalysis.com/articles.php?artno=1117

[20] http://www.disinfopedia.org/wiki.phtml?title=Plan_Condor

[21] http://www.counterpunch.org/goff02142004.html

[22] http://vancouver.indymedia.org/news/2003/01/26515.php

[23] One of the major branches of the recent revolution in computer programming is called Network theory. It was the basis of PROMIS software and it now constitutes a vast research discipline of its own, whose primary organization is the International Network for Social Network Analysis: http://www.sfu.ca/~insna/. Applications include Namebase software(http://www.namebase.org/), terrorist tracking(http://www.sfu.ca/~insna/INSNA/Hot/terrorist.htm), and the mapping of complex webs of economic and political influence – “social capital” – through informal ties(http://www.sfu.ca/~insna/INSNA/Hot/soc_cap.htm).

[24] http://www.sonic.net/~doretk/Issues/96-06%20JUNE/terrorismhypeparenti.html

[25] Comer Vann Woodward, The Strange Career of Jim Crow. Oxford University Press; 3rd Revision edition September 1989; latest edition 2001.

http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/tg/detail/-/0195146905/qid=1079842032/sr=1-1/ref=sr_1_1/103-4006561-4479011?v=glance&s=books

[26] http://www.counterpunch.org/vest1220.html

[27] http://speakout.com/activism/opinions/5670-1.html

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